The essential role of the plasma sheath in plasma–liquid interaction and its applications—A perspective

Based on the current knowledge, a plasma–liquid interface looks and behaves very differently from its counterpart at solid surface. Local processes characteristic to most liquids include stronger evaporation, surface deformations, droplet ejection, possibly distinct mechanisms behind secondary electron emission, formation of an electric double layer, ion drift-mediated liquid resistivity. All them can strongly influence interfacial charge distribution. Accordingly, plasma sheath is likely unique in own way, both with respect structure behavior. However, insights into these properties are still rather scarce or uncertain, more studies required further disclose them. In this Perspective, we argue why research not only recommended but also crucial accurate understanding interaction. First, analyze how regulates various elementary interface, terms electrical coupling, bidirectional mass transport, chemistry between phase. Next, three regulatory functions illustrated for concrete applications. Regarding great deal attention paid penetration fields biological systems due their relevance medicine, agriculture, food processing. Furthermore, illuminate role nuclear fusion, nanomaterial synthesis, chemical As such, hope motivate community fundamental sheaths surfaces.